Abstract
Binaural beats (BB) entrainment is an auditory perceptual occurrence that exists when two tones of separate frequencies are simultaneously presented to each ear. Research on BB entrainment has gained attention due to its ability to treat various conditions like anxiety, attention-deficit/hyperactivity (ADHD), etc. Even though research on BB entrainment suggests its efficiency in improving cognition among individuals, existing literature indicates mixed results in the cognitive domains of attention and memory. Thus, we conducted meta-analysis to examine the effect of BB intervention on memory and attention, respectively, in the current paper. We further performed a systematic review on the selected studies to report their variables, demographic characteristics of the participants, and outcomes to comprehensively position the research on BB intervention exclusively in the areas of memory and attention. Fifteen studies met our inclusion criteria. Based on 31 effect sizes, the results indicated an overall medium and significant effect size (g = 0.40). Findings from systematic review reveal conflicting results, especially concerning theta and beta’s efficacy on memory (recall and recognition tasks) and attention-related tasks. The findings of the current paper add to the growing evidence that BB intervention improves attention and memory in humans. Since the findings suggest a near-moderate effect of BB interventions and mixed results in the systematic review, more research with robust study designs must explore its guiding principle and the expanding role of brainwaves in improving memory and attention in individuals. Such an intervention has important implications in both clinical and non-clinical settings.
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Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Ms. Priteegandha Naik for reviewing and copy-editing their manuscript. They would like to extend their gratitude toward the reviewers of the paper for giving their valuable suggestions and resources. They also wish to extend their appreciation to the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences and institute, BITS Pilani Goa campus, for providing them with access to various resources.
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Basu, S., Banerjee, B. Potential of binaural beats intervention for improving memory and attention: insights from meta-analysis and systematic review. Psychological Research 87, 951–963 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-022-01706-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-022-01706-7